High-order harmonic upconversion of femtosecond lasers produces a unique source of short-wavelength light with femtosecond-to-attosecond pulse duration. However, because the involved nonlinear medium ...

Optical vortices, which carry orbital angular momentum (OAM), can be flexibly produced and measured with infrared and visible light. Their application is an important research topic for ...

There are a growing number of applications, especially in the photonic and semiconductor industries, that need fast and accurate motion-control systems using high-quality signals with periods of 4 ...

A typical linear encoder consists of a scanning unit and a scale. The scale is generally glass and is cemented to a support, usually an aluminum extrusion. The scanning unit contains a light source, ...