Bitcoin, the pioneering cryptocurrency that has captured global attention, conceals a multifaceted framework called the Bitcoin Protocol Stack beneath its digital facade. In this enlightening article, ...

What is a network protocol? Most textbook writers state something like this: A network protocol is a set of guidelines or standards for the operation of network devices, the methods of operation, and ...

In the natural world, species that share the same ecosystem often compete for resources, resulting in the extinction of weaker competitors. A new computer model that describes the evolution of the ...

Layering protocols are modeled using layering structures that mirror the protocol layers. There are significant challenges in modelling verification components for layering protocols such as (1) reuse ...

In the past few newsletters, we described in considerable detail the mechanisms that are in place in TCP to ensure efficient transport of information. In particular, we concentrated on the ability of ...

In today's edition: Starknet, Space and Time, Morph, Neo, Gaia, EigenLayer, Metis. HONG KONG – Chainlink on Wednesday unveiled Chainlink Runtime Environment (CRE), designed for developers to create ...

When your mcp client talks to a server—maybe a retail bot checking inventory levels—they usually do a "handshake" to agree on a secret key. If you use ML-KEM, that handshake stays safe even if a ...

Today, functional verification consumes most of the time in the design of layered protocols like OSI Model, PCI Express, etc. As we think of reuse of design components, the reuse of verification ...